U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula C10H12ClN5O3
Molecular Weight 285.687
Optical Activity UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters 3 / 3
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of CLADRIBINE

SMILES

NC1=NC(Cl)=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@H]3C[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3

InChI

InChIKey=PTOAARAWEBMLNO-KVQBGUIXSA-N
InChI=1S/C10H12ClN5O3/c11-10-14-8(12)7-9(15-10)16(3-13-7)6-1-4(18)5(2-17)19-6/h3-6,17-18H,1-2H2,(H2,12,14,15)/t4-,5+,6+/m0/s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created using several sources including: https://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20090601/MS.html; http://comtecmed.com/CONY/2008/Uploads/assets/speakers%20abstracts/stelmasiak.pdf

Cladribine is used for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia and multiple sclerosis (MS). As a purine analog, it is a synthetic anti-cancer agent that also suppresses the immune system. Chemically, it mimics the nucleoside adenosine and thus inhibits the enzyme adenosine deaminase, which interferes with the cell's ability to process DNA. It can be distinguished from other chemotherapeutic agents affecting purine metabolism in that it is cytotoxic to both actively dividing and quiescent lymphocytes and monocytes, inhibiting both DNA synthesis and repair. Cladribine injection is a potent antineoplastic agent with potentially significant toxic side effects. In MS, the novel mechanism of action of cladribine is expected to reduce inflammation, autoimmune effects and autoreactive cell damage, thereby improving the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. Thus, the effects of cladribine may target some of the key events that are central to the pathophysiology of MS.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: As cladribine can cross the blood brain barrier and can kill dividing and non-dividing T and B cells and can apparently kill plasma cells. It could target plasma cells in the brain, unlike any other MS drug.

Originator

Curator's Comment: The drug, cladribine, which is currently marketed under the name LEUSTATIN® by Ortho Biotech, Inc. (an affiliate of Johnson & Johnson) for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia, was initially identified and developed using a single treatment of the new compound to target abnormal white blood cells in patients suffering from hairy cell leukemia by Dennis Carson in collaboration with Ernest Beutler a Scripps Research scientists who licensed caldribine as an orphan drug in 1994. Merck Serono's CLARITY study, involving 1326 Multiple Sclerosis patients, began in 2004 and was completed in December 2008.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
Target ID: P06746
Gene ID: 5423.0
Gene Symbol: POLB
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Target ID: P23526
Gene ID: 191.0
Gene Symbol: AHCY
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
CLADRIBINE

Approved Use

the treatment of active Hairy Cell Leukemia as defined by clinically significant anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia or disease-related symptoms.

Launch Date

1995
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
20.57 ng/mL
3 mg single, intravenous
dose: 3 mg
route of administration: Intravenous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
CLADRIBINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: UNKNOWN
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
29.05 ng/mL
10 mg single, oral
dose: 10 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
CLADRIBINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: UNKNOWN
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
69.4 ng × h/mL
3 mg single, intravenous
dose: 3 mg
route of administration: Intravenous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
CLADRIBINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: UNKNOWN
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
99.17 ng × h/mL
10 mg single, oral
dose: 10 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
CLADRIBINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: UNKNOWN
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
18.4 h
3 mg single, intravenous
dose: 3 mg
route of administration: Intravenous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
CLADRIBINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: UNKNOWN
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
19.7 h
10 mg single, oral
dose: 10 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
CLADRIBINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: UNKNOWN
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
5.25 mg/kg multiple, oral (total)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 5.25 mg/kg
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 5.25 mg/kg
Sources: Page: p.262
unhealthy, ADULT
n = 204
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: multiple sclerosis
Age Group: ADULT
Sex: M+F
Food Status: UNKNOWN
Population Size: 204
Sources: Page: p.262
Disc. AE: Lymphopenia...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Lymphopenia (grade 3-4)
Sources: Page: p.262
8 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 8 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 8 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.170
unhealthy, ADULT
n = 4
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: cancer
Age Group: ADULT
Sex: M+F
Food Status: UNKNOWN
Population Size: 4
Sources: Page: p.170
DLT: Neutropenia, Leukopenia...
Dose limiting toxicities:
Neutropenia (grade 4, 50%)
Leukopenia (grade 4, 50%)
Sources: Page: p.170
0.07 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, subcutaneous
Studied dose
Dose: 0.07 mg/kg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: multiple
Dose: 0.07 mg/kg, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1152
unhealthy, ADULT
n = 52
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: multiple sclerosis
Age Group: ADULT
Sex: M+F
Food Status: UNKNOWN
Population Size: 52
Sources: Page: p.1152
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Lymphopenia grade 3-4
Disc. AE
5.25 mg/kg multiple, oral (total)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 5.25 mg/kg
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 5.25 mg/kg
Sources: Page: p.262
unhealthy, ADULT
n = 204
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: multiple sclerosis
Age Group: ADULT
Sex: M+F
Food Status: UNKNOWN
Population Size: 204
Sources: Page: p.262
Leukopenia grade 4, 50%
DLT
8 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 8 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 8 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.170
unhealthy, ADULT
n = 4
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: cancer
Age Group: ADULT
Sex: M+F
Food Status: UNKNOWN
Population Size: 4
Sources: Page: p.170
Neutropenia grade 4, 50%
DLT
8 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 8 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 8 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.170
unhealthy, ADULT
n = 4
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: cancer
Age Group: ADULT
Sex: M+F
Food Status: UNKNOWN
Population Size: 4
Sources: Page: p.170
OverviewDrug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
Drug as victimTox targets

Tox targets

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
[Nucleoside analogues--new drugs for the treatment of lymphatic cancers].
2001
[Lupus nephritis: treatments for today and tomorrow].
2001
Flow cytometry of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia: phenotype of hairy cells, lymphocyte subsets and detection of minimal residual disease after treatment.
2001
Infectious complications of purine analog therapy.
2001 Aug
Successful treatment of refractory Langerhans cell histiocytosis with unrelated cord blood transplantation.
2001 Dec
Cladribine. Ortho Biotech Inc.
2001 Dec
Hematological effects of intermittent 2-hour infusions of cladribine in multiple sclerosis patients: a comparison of 2 dosage patterns.
2001 Dec
Hairy cell leukemia.
2001 Jun
Gynecomastia in a case of hairy cell leukaemia--cladribine induced?
2001 Jun
Immunologic therapy for secondary and primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
2001 May
Prolymphocytic leukemia or prolymphocytic transformation of mantle cell lymphoma.
2001 Nov
Resistance to 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine of the human B-cell leukemia cell line EHEB.
2001 Nov
Treatment of hairy-cell leukemia.
2001 Nov 15
Plasmablastic lymphoma in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia heavily pretreated with cladribine (2-CdA): an unusual variant of Richter's syndrome.
2001 Nov-Dec
In vitro release of cytotoxic nucleoside analogs from lactide-caprolactone and lactide-glycolide copolymers.
2002
5'-Esters of 2'-deoxyadenosine and 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine with cell differentiation-provoking agents.
2002
Therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis: lessons from failed and interrupted treatment trials.
2002
Cladribine decreases the level of angiogenic factors in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
2002
Immunosuppression with limited toxicity: the characteristics of nucleoside analogs and anti-lymphocyte antibodies used in non-myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation.
2002
Gateways to Clinical Trials.
2002 Apr
The role of mitoxantrone in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
2002 Apr
Therapeutic potential of a reduced-intensity preparative regimen for allogeneic transplantation with cladribine, busulfan, and antithymocyte globulin against advanced/refractory acute leukemia/lymphoma.
2002 Apr
[Hairy cell leukemia treated with cladribine].
2002 Apr 30
Simultaneous diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma: a frequent association?
2002 Aug
Specificity of human and rat orthologs of the concentrative nucleoside transporter, SPNT.
2002 Aug
Induction of apoptosis by cladribine (2-CdA), gemcitabine and other chemotherapeutic drugs on CD34+/CD38+ and CD34+/CD38- hematopoietic progenitor cells: selective effects of doxorubicin and 2-CdA with protection of immature cells.
2002 Feb
Cladribine underdosing in hairy-cell leukemia: a cause for apparent response failure.
2002 Feb
Fludarabine therapy in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia patients treated previously with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine.
2002 Feb
Therapeutic approaches to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
2002 Feb
Suspected delayed immune recovery against cytomegalovirus after reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation using anti-thymocyte globulin.
2002 Feb
Radiation therapy and combination of cladribine, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone as treatment of Bing-Neel syndrome: Case report and review of the literature.
2002 Feb
Use of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine to treat infantile myofibromatosis.
2002 Jan
2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine inhibits DNA repair synthesis and potentiates UVC cytotoxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B lymphocytes.
2002 Jan
Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) therapy in hairy cell leukemia variant. A report of three cases.
2002 Jan
Anti-CD20 antibody (IDEC-C2B8, rituximab) enhances efficacy of cytotoxic drugs on neoplastic lymphocytes in vitro: role of cytokines, complement, and caspases.
2002 Jan
Resistance of leukemic cells to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine is due to a lack of calcium-dependent cytochrome c release.
2002 Jan 15
Exposure-disease continuum for 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2-CdA), a prototype teratogen: induction of lumbar hernia in the rat and species comparison for the teratogenic responses.
2002 Jul
Immune response by host after allogeneic chondrocyte transplant to the cartilage.
2002 Jul 1
Treatment of late-stage Sézary syndrome with 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine.
2002 Jun
Bax expression correlates with cellular drug sensitivity to doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil but not fludarabine, cladribine or corticosteroids in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
2002 Jun
Alkylating agents and nucleoside analogues in the treatment of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
2002 Jun
Widespread skin-limited adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis: long-term follow-up with good response to interferon alpha.
2002 Mar
Treatment of children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine.
2002 Mar
Severe decrease in peripheral blood dendritic cells in hairy cell leukaemia.
2002 Mar
Oral cladribine for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: report of a phase II trial with a 3-d, 3-weekly schedule in untreated and pretreated patients, and a long-term follow-up of 126 previously untreated patients.
2002 Mar
Cytotoxicity of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and arabinosylcytosine in leukaemic lymphoblasts from paediatric patients: significance of cellular nucleoside transporter content.
2002 Mar
[Therapeutic effectiveness of cladribine and cellular immunodeficiency--related effects in hairy-cell leukemia?].
2002 May
Aggressive growth of epithelial carcinomas following treatment with nucleoside analogues.
2002 May
Response of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome to treatment with imatinib mesylate.
2002 Sep
Adenine and deazaadenine nucleoside and deoxynucleoside analogues: inhibition of viral replication of sheep MVV (in vitro model for HIV) and bovine BHV-1.
2002 Sep
Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/020229s034lbl.pdf
0.09 mg/kg/day
Route of Administration: Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: The lethal dose of cytarabine for CTRL cells (Mantle cell lymphoma cell line ) ranged from 0.05 to 0.4 μM determined in In vitro cytotoxicity assay that was used to analyze cells relative responsiveness to araC (cladribine).
0.05 - 0.4 uM
Name Type Language
CLADRIBINE
EMA EPAR   EP   HSDB   INN   JAN   MART.   MI   ORANGE BOOK   USAN   USP   USP-RS   VANDF   WHO-DD  
USAN   INN  
Official Name English
CLADRIBINE [HSDB]
Common Name English
CLADRIBINE [EP MONOGRAPH]
Common Name English
MAVENCLAD
Common Name English
2-CHLORODEOXYADENOSINE
Systematic Name English
2-CDA
Common Name English
CLADRIBINE [USP MONOGRAPH]
Common Name English
CLADRIBINE [USP-RS]
Common Name English
LITAK
Brand Name English
cladribine [INN]
Common Name English
CLADRIBINE [MART.]
Common Name English
Cladribine [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
ADENOSINE, 2-CHLORO-2'-DEOXY-
Systematic Name English
2-CHLORO-2'-DEOXYADENOSINE
Systematic Name English
CLADRIBINE [ORANGE BOOK]
Common Name English
NSC-105014
Code English
CLADRIBINE [EMA EPAR]
Common Name English
LEUSTATIN
Brand Name English
CLADRIBINE [MI]
Common Name English
CLADRIBINE [VANDF]
Common Name English
CLADRIBINE [JAN]
Common Name English
RWJ-26251
Code English
CLADRIBINE [USP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
CLADRIBINE [USAN]
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C2157
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 54190
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 51690
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
WHO-VATC QL01BB04
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
EU-Orphan Drug EU/3/01/055
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 943223
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
EMA ASSESSMENT REPORTS LITAK (AUTHORIZED: LEUKEMIA, HAIRY CELL)
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 467214
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
LIVERTOX NBK548555
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 68092
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C1556
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 77793
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC L04AA40
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C798
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 47990
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
NDF-RT N0000175712
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC L01BB04
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
Code System Code Type Description
DRUG CENTRAL
667
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
LACTMED
Cladribine
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
47M74X9YT5
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1619
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
567361
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
CLADRIBINE
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
47M74X9YT5
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MESH
D017338
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
44157
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
DRUG BANK
DB00242
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000085410
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
4291-63-8
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID8022828
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
USAN
DD-79
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB06635MIG
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
20279
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
IUPHAR
4799
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RS_ITEM_NUM
1134200
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NSC
105014
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m3606
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
INN
6997
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C1336
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
HSDB
7564
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:01:30 GMT 2023
PRIMARY